ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected 222 countries and territories around the globe. Notably, the speed of COVID-19 spread varies significantly across countries. This cross-cultural research proposes and empirically examines how national culture influences the speed of COVID-19 spread in three studies. Study 1 examines the effects of Hofstede's national cultural dimensions on the speed of COVID-19 spread in 60 countries. Drawing on the GLOBE study (House et al., 2004), Study 2 investigates how GLOBE cultural dimensions relate to the speed of the pandemic's spread in 55 countries. Study 3 examines the effect of cultural tightness in 31 countries. We find that five national cultural dimensions – power distance, uncertainty avoidance, humane orientation, in-group collectivism, and cultural tightness – are significantly related to the speed of COVID-19 spread in the initial stages, but not in the later stages, of the pandemic. Study 1 shows that the coronavirus spreads faster in countries with small power distance and strong uncertainty avoidance. Study 2 supports these findings and further reveals that countries with low humane orientation and high in-group collectivism report a faster spread of the disease. Lastly, Study 3 shows that COVID-19 spreads slower in countries with high cultural tightness.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected 222 countries and territories around the globe. Notably, the speed of COVID-19 spread varies significantly across countries. This cross-cultural research proposes and empirically examines how national culture influences the speed of COVID-19 spread in three studies. Study 1 examines the effects of Hofstede’s national cultural dimensions on the speed of COVID-19 spread in 60 countries. Drawing on the GLOBE study (House et al., 2004), Study 2 investigates how GLOBE cultural dimensions relate to the speed of the pandemic’s spread in 55 countries. Study 3 examines the effect of cultural tightness in 31 countries. We find that five national cultural dimensions – power distance, uncertainty avoidance, humane orientation, in-group collectivism, and cultural tightness – are significantly related to the speed of COVID-19 spread in the initial stages, but not in the later stages, of the pandemic. Study 1 shows that the coronavirus spreads faster in countries with small power distance and strong uncertainty avoidance. Study 2 supports these findings and further reveals that countries with low humane orientation and high in-group collectivism report a faster spread of the disease. Lastly, Study 3 shows that COVID-19 spreads slower in countries with high cultural tightness.
ABSTRACT
This article aims to explore the modern pharmacological study of Huashibaidu formula in treating COVID-19 and apply the network pharmacology method to predict the mechanism of Huashibaidu formula in treating COVID-19. In order to summarize the modern pharmacological study of Huashibaidu formula in the treatment of COVID-19, the literature and clinical reports were consulted. In order to obtain the main active compounds and corresponding targets of Huashibaidu formula, the TCMSP database was applied. The Gene Cards database was used to obtain the disease targets of COVID-19. The STRING database was used to construct protein interaction networks and the core targets were subjected to GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis. Cytoscape3.7.0 software was used to construct compound-target networks. The core compound was molecularly docked with SARS-CoV-2 3CL hydrolase and ACE2 receptor. The modern pharmacological studies have shown that Huashibaidu formula have the effect of anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and immune-modulating. 261 traditional Chinese medicine targets, 251 disease-related targets and 49 key targets were obtained by the intersection of drugs and disease targets. GO enrichment includes 1 547 biological processes,29 cellular components and 86 molecular functions. KEGG pathway enrichment resulted in 156 pathways related to COVID-19 (P < 0.05), involving Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpes virus infection, human cytomegalovirus infection, influenza A,IL-17 pathway, TNF pathway,AGE- RAGE pathway and other pathways.It is predicted that the main core compounds are quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, begonin, naringenin, beta-sitosterol, baicalein, etc., which play a key role in the entire network. The results of molecular docking showed that quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol had a good combination with 3CL hydrolase and ACE2. This study reveals the characteristics of "Huashibaidu formula " in treating COVID-19 "multi-component,multi-target,multi-channel", which provide a reference for in-depth discussion of the mechanism of action of Huashibaidu Decoction in the treatment of COVID-19.